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Science Llama

@the-science-llama / the-science-llama.tumblr.com

Science, Astronomy, Technology, Art and general Awesomeness
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Photographing Meteor Showers

Figured now would be a good time to repost this, sort of late but oh well, someone might still find a use out of it.

For reference, I posted this after shooting the Perseids in August. Original post is here. The post below is cleaned up a bit and I added some more info because I'm slightly more experienced now.

Tips for photographing meteor showers

I basically just followed this guide from David Kingham because I had no idea what to do, but here you go…

Gear

  • Get a camera that can handle high ISO (Nikon!) and an intervalometer built in or attachable.
  • Lens that has small mm length (wider view) and wide aperture to capture more light (mine is 18mm f/3.5).
  • Extra battery (mine lasted 4 hours taking 400 pics but still, mine died with ~hour left of night and like a few minutes before a meteor burned up in frame which was totally lame).
  • Tripod is a necessity.
  • Blankets are probably a good idea too… yea blankets and mats to lay on, get those.

Location

  • Have all the gear? Ok, now go somewhere with low light pollution, set up your camera and take pictures all night.
"Take pictures all night". The camera will do it for you. You can just set the intervalometer to shoot every 2 seconds (for example) and set the number of photos as high as it can go. Be sure to check the camera every now-and-then because it will stop shooting if it outruns the buffer. Make sure it's still in focus while doing this, the last thing you want to find out after a whole night shooting is that all of your photos were out of focus.

(light pollution on meteor shower rates)

Framing

When picking a spot to shoot, having something in the foreground helps give a sense of depth I think.
Keep the horizon in view by being on a hill or something because there were a bunch of Perseids burning up near the horizon from my perspective. -- Probably because there is literally more sky towards the horizon, making it more likely for a meteor to burn up there -- I missed out on a bunch of meteors because the first night I was shooting with a hill obscuring the horizon, trying to focus on getting meteors near the radiant instead.
You can just point it at the sky too but that is kind of boring. Also, you can either face towards the radiant point (like I did) and get something like this...
...or face away from it and get shots like this from Sean Parker.
Either way, later in post, you will need to trace out the meteors and rotate them so they are facing the same direction roughly. It is just a little easier and more accurate if you have the north star in view.
Sean was in Tucson as well and was up on Kitt Peak for that shot. He was shooting at a lower ISO than me but he also had a wider aperture, better camera and darker location than me sooo yea. He was invited to go up the mountain and they close the road in the afternoon so I had to stick with Mt. Lemmon (closer to the city, more light pollution).

Camera settings

ISO -- 3200 or 6400. Stay lower if your camera can't handle higher ISOs without adding too much noise. 3200 will capture all the meteors that are bright enough to be worth your time in the photo. I haven't tried shooting in 1600 so I can't vouch for how well that works. Aperture -- Widest it can go (lower f-stop is wider: f/2.8 vs f/3.5) Exposure -- 25 seconds works for me but 30 seconds also works. Longer exposures cause star-trails but you will just crop out the meteors later in photoshop anyway. Quality -- Shoot in RAW. The larger file sizes allow you to play around with details like White Balance (and much more) in post. Focus -- Use the lens and the digital zoom to focus on city lights in the distance or a bright star/planet. I didn't need to tape down the focus ring after it was set but if it's a problem for you then do it.

Should I try and photograph the Leonids? (2013) (2014 will be much better for both the Leonids and Geminids)

Shooting the Leonids might be a little difficult. They aren’t as active and there also happens to be a full moon around the peak which will ruin the show until it sets and it doesn’t set until close to sunrise. -- Leonids in 2014, the Moon won't be a problem then, so go for it.
I would just wait until the Geminids a month away, peaking December 12-14 with about the same activity or more than the Perseids. There is an almost-full moon then as well, but it sets closer to midnight than sunrise which is better. The Geminids are much stronger however and more meteors will be able to power through the light pollution from the Moon. I’m definitely going to try for the Geminids and maybe the Quadrantids because they put on a decent show last time.. -- Geminids in 2014 will also have a Moon out all night but it will be waning (getting less-bright) and only ~50% during the peak, so a lot better. -- Perseids in 2014, will have a near-full Moon out all night as well which wasn't a problem this year. (But I'm still gonna watch/photograph it. Can't ruin my Perseids, Moon!)

Bonus: Camera Lenses

I’ll add one more thing on here since someone just asked me this...
Well I’m not an expert but all I really want is a lens that has a wide open aperture so I can capture more light. Mine is 18-55mm f/3.5-5.6 which is alright but I NEED MORE LIGHT AZIZ!
Now for the mm length, I would go for a wider view but I don’t like fish-eye personally but they would be great for meteor showers to capture as many as possible. Also you just have to look at the field of view, maybe the 50mm f/1.8 sees more than the 18-55mm. You could also check out lenses around 14mm that don’t zoom, I bet you could get a wider aperture for those and still keep it cheap.
For the 50mm f1.8 (going back to David Kingham again) he said they suck at night photography but are good if you want to do multi-shot panoramas. I’m too poor to buy any of those, maybe you aren’t, but hey there’s my two cents on that.

I'll most likely make another post later showing the editing process, stay tuned! Any more questions? Anyway, for anyone wondering, I'll most likely be up on Mt. Lemmon again for at least one of the nights during the Geminid peak. I might go out to Mt. Graham in Safford, which seems like a much better place to shoot, but we will see. David Kingham and Sean Parker are the bomb btw, if you couldn't figure that out after reading this, go check out their photography.

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Why did the SUPER MOON just look normal?

Well those photos you see that get everyone hyped up are basically just an effect created by the camera lens. The photographer essentially had a huge zoom lens or mounted the camera to a telescope and shot the Moon with something in the foreground. Unless you have telescopic eyeballs to do this, the Moon will only look slightly larger than normal at Perigee (closest approach to Earth - because it's orbit is elliptical).

As you can see in the gif above, when you zoom in, objects in the background become larger. That object you see in the middle stays the same size in the frame because when the camera was zooming in it was also moving away and vice-versa. This effect is called the Hitchcock or Dolly Zoom and is also why the Moon looks SUPER in many of those photos you see. In all actuality, the Moon at Perigee is only slightly larger and is hardly noticeable to human eyes. However, the fact that it was at Perigee AND at Full Moon at the same time helped out the Moon Illusion.

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spaceplasma

Observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) show that the most vigorous bursts of star birth in the cosmos took place much earlier than previously thought. The results are published in a set of papers to appear in the journal Nature on 14 March 2013, and in the Astrophysical Journal. The research is the most recent example of the discoveries coming from the new international ALMA observatory, which celebrates its inauguration today.

The most intense bursts of star birth are thought to have occurred in the early Universe, in massive, bright galaxies. These starburst galaxies convert vast reservoirs of cosmic gas and dust into new stars at a furious pace — many hundreds of times faster than in stately spiral galaxies like our own galaxy, the Milky Way. By looking far into space, at galaxies so distant that their light has taken many billions of years to reach us, astronomers can observe this busy period in the Universe’s youth.

The international team of researchers first discovered these distant and enigmatic starburst galaxies with the US National Science Foundation’s 10-metre South Pole Telescope (SPT) and then used ALMA to zoom in on them to explore the stellar baby boom in the young Universe. They were surprised to find that many of these distant dusty star-forming galaxies are even further away than expected. This means that, on average, their bursts of star birth took place 12 billion years ago, when the Universe was just under 2 billion years old — a full billion years earlier than previously thought.

Two of these galaxies are the most distant of their kind ever seen — so distant that their light began its journey when the Universe was only one billion years old. What’s more, in one of these record-breakers, water is among the molecules detected, marking the most distant observations of water in the cosmos published to date.

The team used the unrivalled sensitivity of ALMA to capture light from 26 of these galaxies at wavelengths of around three millimetres. Light at certain specific wavelengths can be produced by gas molecules in these galaxies, and the wavelengths are stretched by the expansion of the Universe over the billions of years that it takes the light to reach us. By measuring the stretched wavelengths, astronomers can calculate how long the light’s journey has taken, and place each galaxy at the right point in cosmic history.

For more: ESO.org

Credit: ESO/ALMA

Gravitational lensing is fucking awesome! Here is an artists rendition of the galaxy being warped by gravity

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