Darwin Science is always ideological, especially among the figures lauded as objective. Positivism presumes the classically misinterpreted Hegelian maxim “What is real is ration and what is rational is real” as meaning that there is some eternal truth locked within empirical observations, where-as Hegel’s point is precisely that these points play a role in the ever changing movement of historical truths.
Paalen’s critique of Marxism in art primarily relies on a decontextualized quote from Engels where he states: “that mankind must first of all eat, drink, have shelter and clothing, before it can pursue politics, science, art, religion, etc.; ” this quote was originally utilized in the context of an oration at Marx’s funeral, not exactly a theoretical work. Where Marx did promote a base and superstructure binary, this binary is not a relationship wherein one constitutes the other, other than in the context of historical progression: the “before” in this sentence is history, not the “base” as such. Surrealism's engagement of Marxism often relies on such problematic readings and liberal distortions of Marxism.