J.G. Ballard, The Terminal Beach, 1964
Ana Miljacki, Lee Moreau, + Sarah Hirschman, Project Rorschach, 2014
Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, “Interview with Dino Dinçer Şirin” for The Exhibitionist, 2015 (via grupaok)
Elizabeth Demaray, “On Fondling,” c. 2010
John Baldessari, Throwing Four Balls in the Air to Get a Square (Best of 36 Tries), 1974 (via priest)
Nadav Kander, The Polygon Nuclear Test Site I (After The Event), Kazakhstan, 2011 (via polychroniadis)
General J. Frederick Thorlin,Trinity Test Obelisk, White Sands, NM, 1965
Nuclear Test Ivy Mike, Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands, 1952
US Navy, Operation Sailor Hat, Kahoʻolawe, HI, 1965
'Operation Sailor Hat was an explosives effects test conducted with conventional explosives (i.e. TNT), instead of the true nuclear tests of Operation Plowshare, to simulate the effects of a nuclear weapon blast. The purpose of these three tests was to study the effects of shock and blast of a nuclear explosion on naval vessels.'
Four Major Types of Nuclear Testing, c. 2010
- Atmospheric: 'Explosions that take place in the atmosphere. Generally these have occurred as devices detonated on towers, balloons, barges, islands, or dropped from airplanes. Nuclear explosions that are close enough to the ground to draw dirt and debris into their mushroom cloud can generate large amounts of nuclear fallout due to irradiation of the debris.'
- Underground: 'Explosions conducted under the surface of the earth, at varying depths, making up the majority of nuclear tests by the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War since other forms of nuclear testing were banned by the Limited Test Ban Treaty in 1963. When the explosion is fully contained, underground nuclear testing emits a negligible amount of fallout. However, underground nuclear tests can "vent" to the surface, producing considerable amounts of radioactive debris as a consequence. Underground testing can result in seismic activity depending on the yield of the nuclear device and the composition of the medium it is detonated in, and generally result in the creation of subsidence craters. In 1976, the United States and the USSR agreed to limit the maximum yield of underground tests to 150 kt with the Threshold Test Ban Treaty.'
- Exoatmospheric: 'Tests conducted above the atmosphere. The test devices are lifted on rockets. These high altitude nuclear explosions can generate a Nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NEMP), and charged particles resulting from the blast can cross hemispheres to create an auroral display.'
- Underwater: 'Tests usually moored to a ship or a barge (which is subsequently destroyed by the explosion). Tests of this nature have usually been conducted to evaluate the effects of nuclear weapons against naval vessels (such as in Operation Crossroads), or to evaluate potential sea-based nuclear weapons (such as nuclear torpedoes or depth-charges). Underwater tests close to the surface can disperse large amounts of radioactive particles in water and steam, contaminating nearby ships or structures.'
_
Map of the Per Capita Thyroid Doses in the Continental United States Resulting from All Exposure Routes from All Atmospheric Nuclear Tests Conducted at the Nevada Test Site, 1951–62
Alexandre Cabanel, Cleopatra Testing Poisons on Condemned Prisoners, 1887
Andreas Gursky, Road Test Course Typology, 2010 (via mfdp)