Elizabeth Demaray, “On Fondling,” c. 2010
When a hermit crab that has grown too large for its current home locates a new one, it determines the structure’s suitability via a process called fondling. During this activity, the hermit crab will explore the shell’s surface and its internal volume-to-weight ratio by rolling the shell over and gently rocking it back and forth.
Jay Hambidge, Root Rectangles, 1920
'Hambidge's illustration of the construction of root rectangles. The lengths of the horizontal sides of the original square and the four root rectangles derived from it, are respectively . According to Wolfgang von Wersin's The Book of Rectangles, Spatial Law and Gestures of The Orthogons Described (1956), a set of 12 special orthogons (from the Gr. ορθος, orthos, "straight" and γονια, gonia, "angle"; "a right angled figure", which, as a consequence, is rectangular and tetragonal) has been used historically by artists, architects and calligraphers to guide the placement and interaction of elements in a design.' These orthogons are:
- Square (1:1 or 1:√1, 1.000)
- Hemidiagon (1:½√5, 1.118)
- Trion (1:⅔√3, 1.155)
- Quadriagon (1/2 + √2/2, 1.207)
- Penton (1:√φ, 1.272)
- Diagon (1:√2, 1.414)
- Hemiolion (2:3, 1.500)
- Auron (the golden rectangle, 1:φ, 1.618)
- Hecton (1:√3, 1.732)
- Doppelquadrat (1:2 or 1:√4, 2.000)
- Root 5 Rectangle (1:√5, 2.236)
- Bipenton (1:2√φ, 2.544)
- Biauron (1:2φ, 3.236)
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