Zeus, seated on a throne and holding a scepter topped with a bird. Eros, holding a wreath, hovers near him and looks back at a goddess (Hera?) Fragment of a Lucanian red-figure terracotta skyphos (drinking cup), attributed to the Palermo Painter; ca. 430-400 BCE. Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
A scene from Olympus: Zeus (left) presents Ganymede with a rooster. A goddess crowns Ganymede at the same time, while Hebe, goddess of youth (far right), looks on. Side A of an Attic black-figure amphora, artist unknown; ca. 510 BCE. Now in the Staatliche Antikensammlungen, Munich.
A Wise Prayer
Anthologia Palatina 10.108 (author and date unknown) O King Zeus, grant us excellent things Whether we pray for them or not; But may you bar from us baneful things Even when we pray for them. Ζεῦ βασιλεῦ, τὰ μὲν ἐσθλὰ καὶ εὐχομένοις καὶ ἀνεύκτοις ἄμμι δίδου: τὰ δὲ λυγρὰ καὶ εὐχομένων ἀπερύκοις.
Marble relief of Zeus. Roman-era copy (2nd cent. CE) after a Greek original of the 5th cent. BCE, partially restored. Now in the Palazzo Altemps, Rome.
Marble head of the composite ram-horned god Zeus Ammon. Roman-era copy (ca. 120-160 CE) after a Hellenistic model, perhaps created to honor Alexander the Great's visit to the oracle of Zeus Ammon at Siwa, after which Alexander claimed the god as his true father. Now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
Cult statue of Zeus Hypsistos (the Highest) from his sanctuary. Artist unknown; Roman Imperial period. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Dion. Photo credit: Carole Raddato.
Zeus (seated) and Leto with their offspring Apollo and Artemis. Marble relief from the sanctuary of Artemis at Brauron, artist unknown; ca. 420-410 BCE. Now in the Archaeological Museum of Brauron.
A statue of Zeus. Artist unknown; late Hellenistic period. From Kameiros, Rhodes; now in the Archaeological Museum of Rhodes. Photo credit: Jebulon/Wikimedia Commons.
Head of a colossal statue of the ram-horned composite deity Zeus-Ammon. Artist unknown, thought to have come from Roman Tunisia; ca. 150-180 CE. Now in the Liebieghaus, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. Photo credit: Carole Raddato.
Jupiter Seducing Olympias, Giulio Romano, 1526-28
Head of Zeus. Artist unknown; Flavian period (69-96 CE). From Ephesus; now in the Ephesus Archaeological Museum. Photo credit: Sandstein/Wikimedia Commons.
Jupiter and Mercury at the House of Philemon and Baucis, Johann Carl Loth, ca. 1659-62
Goddess of Youth and Cupbearer Hebe and Eagle of Zeus, Louis Fischer, 1827
The Upbringing of Jupiter on Mount Ida, Crete, Hermann Steinfurth, 1846
Statue of the Roman emperor Claudius (r. 41-54 CE) as the god Jupiter. Claudius is shown wearing the corona civica, a crown of oak leaves awarded by the Senate to those who had saved the lives of Roman citizens. Unknown artist; 1st cent. CE, with restorations to the torso in 1800 by Valerio Villareale. Found at Tindari in the province of Messina, Sicily; now in the Regional Archaeological Museum “Antonio Salinas,” Palermo. Photo credit: © Marie-Lan Nguyen / Wikimedia Commons.
A Rationalist No Longer
Horace, Odes 1.34 Note: “a mad philosophy”: Epicureanism, which attributed physical phenomena to the movement of atoms rather than divine intervention. Once I worshiped the gods in a fashion Miserly and rare, While I went astray, so learned In a mad philosophy; Now I am compelled to sail Backward, and take up Afresh a course before abandoned. For the Sky-Father, Usually wont to rend the clouds With his flashing lightning, Drove his thundering horses and His flying chariot Through a clear sky. And with that driving, The heavy earth, the rivers That meander, the Styx, the dreadful Seat of hated Taenarum, And Atlas, the world’s western limit- All of them were shaken. The god has power to exchange Lowest things with highest; He dims the glow of the famous man And brings the hidden to light. Greedy Fortune, with a shriek That pierces, snatches off The crown from one man’s head and joys To set it on another’s. Parcus deorum cultor et infrequens, insanientis dum sapientiae consultus erro, nunc retrorsum vela dare atque iterare cursus cogor relictos: namque Diespiter igni corusco nubila dividens plerumque, per purum tonantis egit equos volucremque currum, quo bruta tellus et vaga flumina, quo Styx et invisi horrida Taenari sedes Atlanteusque finis concutitur. Valet ima summis mutare et insignem attenuat deus, obscura promens; hinc apicem rapax Fortuna cum stridore acuto sustulit, hic posuisse gaudet.
Landscape with Lightning, Gaspard Dughet, 1667-69