Every dot on this map of the US and Canadian Pacific Northwest is an earthquake that took place during the months of April and May. Just to make sure – no, as of right now that area has not been totally destroyed by these events, they are all small earthquakes with moment magnitudes from 0-3. Most, if not all, are too small to be felt by people at the surface. While these small earthquakes have not damaged the region, they are indicating something else – slow movement on the Cascadia Subduction Zone, of a sort that seems to occur every 14 months or so. Oregon, Washington, California, and British Columbia all sit above a subduction zone, where the oceanic plates to the West (The Gorda plate and the Juan de Fuca plate) are being pushed down into the planet. This subduction zone, like others around the world, is capable of producing great earthquakes with magnitudes >9; the last major one occurred in the year 1700 and was powerful enough to trigger a recorded tsunami in Japan, giving an exact date for the Earthquake.
Large earthquakes like those occur when a patch on the fault becomes locked. The plates are always slowly moving, trying to slide past each other at this boundary but the force of friction between two parts of rock sliding past each other is strong. Even though the plates move, the rocks don’t instantly break; instead, the whole plate bends as the stress builds up, locking energy in the plates much like stretching a rubber band. Only when the stress on the fault becomes too great do the rocks fail, releasing that energy as an earthquake.
These small earthquakes are occurring in a different part of the fault from the zone that locks up and produces major earthquakes. They are occurring inland, where the fault is deeper and the stress conditions on the rocks are different. Here, the rocks build up a little bit of stress and then break in small earthquakes, in a pattern that occurs every 14 months. These small earthquakes allow some motion – right now these quakes are allowing the surface parts of those states to move to the west by a few millimeters.
This motion is taken up on one part of the fault, but it does not propagate throughout the entire subduction zone. Only part of the fault is moving in these earthquakes, so this is likely transferring additional stress to the locked zone in the fault. It is thought that the risk of a major earthquake is higher during these events, but the record of monitoring them is too short to be able to really say how much these events change the chances of a great earthquake. They can be a good “Every 14 month” reminder to double-check your emergency supplies and evacuation plan if you live in this area or could be exposed to tsunami risk.
These sets of small earthquakes were discovered on the Cascadia subduction zone a little over a decade ago and have since been recognized on other subduction zones, including Japan, Mexico, and New Zealand. The timing at each fault and the pattern of earthquakes is different at each fault, but in all cases they are likely an important process; they allow the deeper parts of the fault to move and transfer stress up to the shallow, locked zones. The technical term for this repeating pattern of minor quakes is “Episodic Tremor and Slip”.