This photo taken from the International Space Station shows Mataiva Atoll in the South Pacific Ocean. The atoll is part of the Tuamotu Archipelago, French Polynesia, part of the largest chain of atolls in the world.
An atoll a ring-shaped coral reef island that partially or fully encircles a lagoon. The birth of an atoll begins with a volcanic island. A coral reef forms around a volcanic cone that reaches near or above the surface of the ocean. Over time, the volcano wears down, leaving behind the ring of coral that surrounds it. Erosion and sedimentation eventually creates a layer of soil over the coral that allows vegetation to grow.
The unusual white ridges in the lagoon at the center of Mataiva Atoll are formed by eroded coral. Some of these coral structures rise above the water, forming about 70 shallow basins of varying depths. These basins create the lighter blue mottled appearance that is seen from space and in this photo. The single village on the 10-kilometer island, Pahua, is located in the north, next to the only channel (about a meter deep) that constantly connects the Pacific Ocean to the lagoon.
http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/debrief/ http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=45524
Photo credit NASA, ISS Expedition 24 crew