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Biomedical Ephemera, or: A Frog for Your Boils

@biomedicalephemera / biomedicalephemera.tumblr.com

A blog for all biological and medical ephemera, from the age of Abraham through the era of medical quackery and cure-all nostrums. Featuring illustrations, history, and totally useless trivia from the diverse realms of nature and medicine. Buy me a coffee so I can stay up and keep the lights on around here!
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Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Aww, the sea otter…so cute, so resourceful, so smart. Such adorable bobbing buoys above the Pacific kelp forests. Suchjerks?

Yep, that’s right - just like humans observed decades ago in animals that they considered to be “highly intelligent” (such as dolphins, elephants, and apes), when you get smarter, you get more potential for dickishness. The brain power it takes to use tools and find novel ways to extract food also gives sea otters the mental capacity to understand how to manipulate the behavior of other otters.

To wit: Male sea otters are routine kidnappers. Though otters often raise pups in close proximity to one another, and males occasionally interact with pups in an amicable fashion, one of the most common behaviors of younger males is to kidnap the pup of a sleeping mom and hold it ransom.

The mother goes into a panic and will procure an almost absurd amount of food for the male, just to get her pup back. Older males will engage in kidnapping from time to time, but from what’s been observed thus far, it largely seems to be a behavior of the younger male who hasn’t perfected his hunting skills, and instead of improving his skills, sees an easy way out.

What a jerk.

Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. John James Audubon. Completed and posthumously published by John Woodhouse Audubon, 1858.

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Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris)

Aww, the sea otter...so cute, so resourceful, so smart. Such adorable bobbing buoys above the Pacific kelp forests. Such...jerks?

Yep, that's right - just like humans observed decades ago in animals that they considered to be "highly intelligent" (such as dolphins, elephants, and apes), when you get smarter, you get more potential for dickishness. The brain power it takes to use tools and find novel ways to extract food also gives sea otters the mental capacity to understand how to manipulate the behavior of other otters.

To wit: Male sea otters are routine kidnappers. Though otters often raise pups in close proximity to one another, and males occasionally interact with pups in an amicable fashion, one of the most common behaviors of younger males is to kidnap the pup of a sleeping mom and hold it ransom.

The mother goes into a panic and will procure an almost absurd amount of food for the male, just to get her pup back. Older males will engage in kidnapping from time to time, but from what's been observed thus far, it largely seems to be a behavior of the younger male who hasn't perfected his hunting skills, and instead of improving his skills, sees an easy way out.

What a jerk.

Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America. John James Audubon. Completed and posthumously published by John Woodhouse Audubon, 1858.

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Ever had an electrocardiogram (EKG/ECG)? Be grateful you didn't have to get one back when it was first developed!

Though a significant amount of the "electro-medicine" that arose during the age where electricity was a "mysterious power" was complete quackery, this is one development that was a true boon to cardiology, and medicine in general.

Constructed by Cambridge Scientific Instrument company in 1911, this EKG machine [bottom illustration] was built to the specifications of one William Einthoven, who developed the string galvanometer in 1903, to measure the electrical currents produced by the heartbeat.

Prior to Einthoven's time, it was known that the heart produced electric currents, but there was no way to measure them that didn't involve putting electrodes directly on the heart. I don't mean right over the heart, on the breastbone - the chest had to be opened to actually measure this phenomenon. Einthoven's device made it possible to measure the electric currents given off by the heart despite the insulation of fat and skin, and thus made it possible to measure the heartbeat without actually opening someone up.

The string galvanometer worked by using a thin conductive wire passing between powerful electromagnets. When a current passed through the filament, the electromagnetic field would cause the string to move, and form the familiar heartbeat pattern (or not, if their heart is impaired). A light shining on the string would cast a shadow on a moving roll of photographic paper, forming a continuous curve showing the movement of the string [see top illustration].

The original machine required water cooling for the powerful electromagnets, required 5 people to operate it and weighed some 600 lb. Despite the advances made in technology and design, the concept of today's electrocardiograms is almost identical to the machines that earned Einthoven the 1927 Nobel Prize. Advances in cardiovascular treatment and surgery mean that discrepancies in the results of the EKG readout can be addressed, as opposed to just known to exist, but we still read the same P, Q, R, S, and T waves that were named by him, and still use "Einthoven's Triangle" - the equilateral triangle that the electrical leads are placed in.

Top: Initial concept work of William Einthoven. Diseases of the Heart and Aorta. Arthur Douglass Hirschfelder, 1912.

Bottom: 1911 ECG Machine. A Brief History of Electrocardiography - Progress through Technology, Christoph Zyweitz.  

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Proper technique for removal of the heart from the body.

The heart should be grasped by inserting the index finger into the left ventricle, the thumb in the right ventricle, and grasping the ventricular septum. Raise the heart towards the chin, putting a stretch on the blood vessels. Cut vessels one-by-one in a circular direction, beginning with either the inferior vena cava or lower pulmonary vein.

Postmortem Pathology. Henry W. Cattell, 1906.

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McHardy’s Perimeter (used to test peripheral vision), from M. Stephen Mayou’s Diseases of the Eye, 1908

I hope I haven't posted this before, but I just love old scientific/medical instruments. You can see two variations on this sort of tool over at my photostream, but this is my favorite one.

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Tooth Extraction and Extraction Tools

I don't know a heck of a lot about dentistry, but I do know a few of the names of the extraction tools used (both back in the 1830s and today), and they're excellent:

  • Greyhound
  • Cow horns
  • Bayonet
  • Root
  • Elevators [I know, I know, but still can't help but see a lift in someone's mouth, rather than a tool meant to elevate a tooth]

Traité complet de l’anatomie de l’homme comprenant la medecine operatoire, par le docteur Marc Jean Bourgery. Illustration by Nicolas Henri Jacob, 1831.

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Tooth Extraction and Extraction Instruments

Looks like a fun trip to the dentist! Though, as anyone with a seriously abscessed tooth can tell you, it would have definitely been worth the temporary (relatively small) pain spike in order to alleviate the continuing pain from the infection.

Traité complet de l'anatomie de l'homme comprenant la medecine operatoire, par le docteur Marc Jean Bourgery. Illustration by Nicolas Henri Jacob, 1831.

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Instruments required for "opening a body" [autopsy]

*The term "L'ouverture d'un corps" was used at this point in time to refer to an investigation into the cause of death, not a general dissection

Though most deaths were simply chalked up to diseases and common causes of the day, there were a limited number of legitimate and well-performed autopsies that took place before Rudolf Virchow's book on standardization of autopsy procedures was published, in 1850.

The vast majority of those autopsies were performed so as to prove cause of death for a murder trial. In this particular book, M. Dionis also notes that you can easily discern the work of particularly bad surgeons on a cadaver, and that they ought to be held accountable for at least contributing to the death. Mind you, this was a time when 60%+ surgeries were ultimately fatal, so these surgeons that M. Dionis is implicating must have been particularly awful at their job...

Cours d'Operations de Chirurgie. M. Dionis, 1757.

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Position in extracting a tooth from the right upper jaw.

Fun with dentistry!

There are a LOT of different tools that are used for extraction. There was one tool that could do all the different teeth (the dental key), but it was not as effective as having forceps specialized for each area of the mouth.

Atlas and Text-Book of Dentistry Including Diseases of the Mouth. Gustav Preiswerk, 1906.

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