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all this talk about how you would have treated jews during the holocaust. lets talk about how you would have treated japanese americans during WWII

hell, let's talk about whether you even know what happened to Japanese Americans, German Americans, or Italian Americans during WWII

Japanese Americans were treated the worst, you will not be shocked to find out!

120,000 Japanese Americans on the West Coast were placed in internment camps for up to four years. Half of them were kids.

Most were U.S. citizens or legal permanent resident aliens. They were stuck, "without due process of law or any factual basis, in bleak, remote camps surrounded by barbed wire and armed guards."

Almost 50 years later, through the efforts of leaders and advocates of the Japanese American community, Congress passed the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. Popularly known as the Japanese American Redress Bill, this act acknowledged that "a grave injustice was done" and mandated Congress to pay each victim of internment $20,000 in reparations.
...Despite this redress, the mental and physical health impacts of the trauma of the internment experience continue to affect tens of thousands of Japanese Americans. Health studies have shown a 2 times greater incidence of heart disease and premature death among former internees, compared to noninterned Japanese Americans.
The [War Relocation Authority (WRA)] tried to run the camps as if they were small towns, establishing schools and recreational activities and even holding elections for “self-government.” Inmates took on much of the work to keep the camps running, from preparing and serving food in the mess halls to felling trees for firewood, all for a paltry $12 to $19 a month. Inmates worked hard to beautify their own barren surroundings, planting gardens and making a wide variety of furniture and decorative items for their units. But at the same time, the reality of imprisonment was lost on few.

German and Italian Americans were also considered "enemy aliens."

They were surveilled by the FBI, which could arrest them and send them immediately to internment camps -- sometimes the same ones.

They interned enough German Americans -- 11,000 officially, plus any family members who volunteered to come with them -- to warrant building four camps for them.

Some countries in South America expelled Germans, sending them to the United States specifically to be placed in internment camps.

The website below says that, "ironically," 81 were Jewish Germans who had fled Germany.

And that some of those were later sent back to the Nazis in exchange for American citizens detained in Germany.

I don't think that's ironic, I think it's fucking garbage. And fuck this website for glossing over it without even a link to more info.

Only 418 Italian Americans were sent to these camps, so they didn't have their own; they were put in the German and Japanese ones.

But 600,000 Italian Americans were surveilled, placed under curfews, and subjected to searches and seizures.

Whether you were Japanese, Italian, or German, you were only considered an "enemy alien" if you had been born in Japan, Italy, or Germany. Not if you had been born in the United States.

BUT they absolutely rounded up and interned people who had been born in the United States. They just didn't call them enemy aliens. That's all.

Regardless of your nationality, the FBI could and did mess with naturalized citizens.

"Enemy aliens" who were not (currently) in internment camps were required to "register with the Department of Justice and carry paperwork with them at all times verifying their registration."

If they wanted to travel anywhere besides work, places of worship, or medical facilities, they "were required to fill out documents that listed their destination, mode of transportation, and return dates. This paperwork was filed with local US Attorney offices and forwarded to the FBI for their records.

"Attorney General Biddle also issued curfews for those enemy aliens living in certain communities along the West Coast, including major cities in California with large Italian American populations like San Francisco. Confiscation of property rounded out a series of violations that Italian immigrants faced in the early days of the war."

Early in the war, the government openly considered mass removal of German and Italian immigrants, along with Japanese ones. They decided it would be logistically impossible.

But in 1942, the government:

required nearly 10,000 Italian immigrants to move out of restricted areas of California along the coast (predominantly San Diego and San Francisco) to areas further inland. Sometimes, these distances were absurdly short—relocating a few streets over to move outside of restricted areas. In other cases, some went to the nearest large city closest to their homes outside of the restricted zones, like Reno, Nevada. 
Regardless of the location, finding housing was often difficult, particularly when employment was interrupted. The Alien Property Division of the Department of Justice confiscated thousands of boats used by Italian fishermen along the coast, jeopardizing economic security and creating financial difficulties for their families.

Although the American internment camps are sometimes called concentration camps, and even President Roosevelt called them that, they fortunately bore little resemblance to the Nazi concentration camps.

The Nazis took a terrible preexisting idea, and turned it into a living hell - as the letter from this survivor shows.

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vaspider

My cousin's aunt (idk her exact relationship to me, maybe first cousin once removed?) had an FBI file because as a (child or teenager, the story is unclear) when agents came to the camp at which she was interned, she stomped around them and sang loud songs so they couldn't carry on conversations with people. Like, literally, a minor, already contained in a camp, and the agents were threatened enough by her singing songs that they started a file on her. That's really stuck with me.

She was a fucking badass, by all accounts, and spent chunks of her adult life demanding an apology and reparations from the US Gov't for what they put her family through. I wish my cousins had been able to know her better.

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Claim Your Jewish Culture

Judaism is a religion and a people, and it’s also a culture. When living within another dominant culture, it can be easy to assimilate, and hard to feel a connection to Judaism. If you aren’t very religious or observant, if you’re a patrilineal, a prospective or in-progress convert, or come from an assimilated family, that struggle can be even harder. I’ve seen a lot of asks on tumblr recently from people like this, who are looking for ways to explore what they feel is missing from their Jewish identities, so, this is a list of some ways to explore our heritage and grow in your Jewishness. Jews, please feel free to add more!

  • Start saying CE and BCE instead of AD and BC. Strip the outside Xtian influence from your personal reckoning of time.
  • Know the Hebrew date. You can use Hebcal to export the entire Jewish year, with your preferences for what holidays and how they are written, and import it directly to the calendar app you already use! You can even set your location to get candle lighting times.
  • Show solidarity with other groups. Eliminate slurs from your language. Learn about the situations of other minority groups and how to be an ally for them. Learn about the intersection of Jewish identity with queer or POC identities by listening to others share their experiences. Try to remove slurs and cultural appropriation from your life, with kindness and education.
  • Take ownership of mitzvot through education and practice. Start lighting Shabbat candles and doing Havdalah. Kiss the mezzuzah. Count the Omer. Light Chanukah candles. Observe minor fast days. Bring Judaism into your sense of time and space and home, because Judaism is not just the synagogue, and it’s not just a religion: it’s a way of living. ♡
  • Take ownership of oberservance, not all at once, but one thing at a time. If you’ve never kept a kosher home, learn to cook a kosher dish. If you’ve never been shomer Shabbat, try incorporating one aspect of rest into your Saturday. Don’t be intimidated by all the dos and don'ts of Jewish law - just learn, try things one at a time, and see what feels meaningful for you.
  • Learn about and start living Jewish customs and rituals. Smash a glass at your wedding. Learn to make cholent. Sit shiva when you lose a loved one. Remember that even if your family never did these things before, Jewish ritual needs to be practiced in order to survive. By adopting more and more customs, you will help ensure their transmission to the next generation, and the continuance of our culture.
  • Stop swearing with “Jesus.” Remove the power from the dominating Xtian culture by stripping it from your life. Learn to swear in Hebrew or Yiddish instead! It’s more fun anyway.
  • Foster a Jewish relationship with food, even if your family never made them before. Get some cookbooks. Try baking and separating challah. Learn which brachot pretain to which food, and use them as a moment of gratitude.
  • Start a tzedaka practice. Maybe start giving around holidays. Consider donating to local charities. Give the extra dollar at the grocery store, or a friends fundraiser. Help those in need.
  • Study a Jewish language. Hebrew is awesome, and there are many Jewish tongues around the world, including Yiddish, Aramaic, Ladino, Juhuri, Judeo-Arabic, and many others. There’s so many resources available online now, and even if you only learn some basic vocabulary or how to read the alefbet, you will feel more pride and ownership than before.
  • Learn about Jewish everyday vocabulary. Explore and incorporate phrases like yasher koach, kol hakavod, mensch, lashon hara, mitzvah, etc into your lexicon.
  • Learn about Jewish theology. You’re probably familiar with the ideas of G-d, angels, demons, heaven and hell or the afterlife in general. Judaism often has a very different stance on these issues! Are all angels good? Is G-d male, or does G-d even have a body? Are all demons bad? Is Satan the enemy of G-d? Is magic always at odds with religion? Do bad people go to hell? Learn about the Jewish answers to these questions.
  • Learn about middot, gemilit hasadim, and tikkun olam. Make a difference in your community through volunteering, showing up when your friends need you, pursuing social justice, and being present and healing for those in need. Take pride in knowing these things are inherently Jewish, and that social justice is central to who we are.
  • Broaden your horizons for cultural artifacts. Drink in Jewish art, poetry, literature, and music. Learn about Sephardi love poetry, listen to Yemenite-Israeli singers or Mizrachi metal, hang up a Hebrew micography print, or watch some performances by Batsheva. Whatever type of art, music, or writing you already love, I guarantee you there is a Jewish artist contributing to that field. If not, maybe it will be you!
  • Learn about Jewish superstitions and customs. Learn about Jewish magic and folklore. Learn about Jewish history, in Israel and in the Diaspora. You probably already know lots of things about your country’s history, or your dominant folk traditions - read up on your people’s!
  • Learn about antisemitism and philosemitism. Learn about the history of interactions between Judaism and the Church. Learn about what antisemitic stereotypes are, why they exist, and why they matter today. Learn about why the Evangelical Church’s obsession with Israel is unhealthy and wrongly motivated. Learn about Xtian theology regarding us: what is the difference between the Old Testament and the Tanakh? Why does the Xtian Bible call us the “synagogue of Satan?” What is replacement theology?
  • Learn about Jewish symbolism. What is the history of the hamsa, or the Magen David? What colors are associated with Judaism and certain holidays? What foods, stones, fruits and plants, have special symbolic meaning?

Please remember that Judaism is a community! The absolute best way to engage in Jewish life is to be a part of a community, and this list is not a replacement for that. If you’re interested in deepening your connection to Judaism or Jewish culture, talk to a Rabbi, look for classes at your local JCC or synagogue, or attend services and holiday events. If you’re a prospective convert or otherwise unsure about your Jewish status, remember that education is never cultural appropriation! It’s always okay to learn and educate yourself. If you have questions about what (and when and how) it’s appropriate for you to practice Judaism, feel free to reach out to a local Rabbi, who will almost certainly be able to give you guidance and resources!

💙🔯💙

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Do most Jewish movements use the same English translations? I want to buy a Tanahk, and Im converting to reform, but wasnt sure which publication to buy, tho I mostly just see JPS.

Hi there,

We tend to all use different variations of the Hebrew text- even in our own variations of prayerbooks!

In the pews of the American Reform Movement, you will most often see The Torah: A Modern Commentary Plaut) and The Torah: A Women’s Commentary (Ezkenazi, Weiss).   [Both use the JPS translation] Often rabbis and cantors in the Reform and Conservative Movements will suggest that conversion students own a copy of the Jewish Study Bible (Berlin, Bretler).  All three are fantastic options.

Personally, I prefer the Women’s Commentary because the Hebrew is bigger, certain vowels are more pronounced (like the infamous chamatz katan), and the commentaries are really special.   I also am a bit biased because my teacher and her teacher are the editors….

Have a great night!

PJ

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The Old Jewish Cemetery of PragueCzech Republic; 2004. x

The Old Jewish Cemetery in Prague, Czech Republic is the largest Jewish cemetery in Europe.  Though it was not the first Jewish cemetery in Prague, it is the most important as numerous important Jewish figures are buried here; such as Rabbi David Oppenheim, Rabbi Judah Loew ben Bezalel, and Jewish community and business leader Mordecai Meisel.  It is uncertain what year the cemetery was started.  Although the earliest dated grave belongs to Rabbi Avigdor Kara, who passed away in 1439, the cemetery is believed to be much older than that.  The final gravestone in the cemetery is dated 1787; three years after Emperor Josef II banned burials inside Prague due to fear of bubonic plague.  The cemetery exists to this day and is administered by the Jewish Museum of Prague

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some of my favorite illuminated Hebrew from the Sefer Etz Hayim, an 18th century work on Lurianic Kabbalah, featuring some of the most elaborate tagin i’ve ever seen

to get personal for a moment, i feel absolutely transported looking at this. the sense of awe (and sort of a…peaceful comfort?) that i get from looking at Hebrew calligraphy is hard to describe or compare to anything else. Judaism’s emphasis on & respect for the power & beauty of language (whether written or spoken) is one of the things i identify most strongly with in my own spirituality. i suspect @jewishhenna may feel similarly! if i ever get the chance to study with a sofer i’ll be overjoyed. 

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ma3ayan
“No Jewish background? Go back and tell them that they have a background. They are the children of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, Sarah, Rebecca, Rachel and Leah!”

— The Rebbe, about a group of Jews raised with “no Jewish background” (via eileenthequeen)

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yidquotes
Judaism and conversion has a long, painful history, and it is difficult if not impossible to proselytize a Jew without touching upon some very sore points. This, combined with near-daily news of anti-Semitic hate crimes and casual anti-Semitic remarks heard from people you consider friends only adds to the feelings of alienation, disconnection, loneliness, unwantedness, and invalidation that many Diaspora Jews constantly experience… In general, you will not successfully convert anyone who isn’t open to it or hasn’t already considered it. Along with the fact that we already have our own belief system, Jews are a proud people; much of our narrative is based on resisting attempts to wipe us out. Historically speaking, forced conversion has been used on Jews as a genocide tool frequently and extensively.

Maya Lyubomirsky

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reblogged
“In the final analysis, the term “Judeo-Christian” is nothing less than a blatant coup d’état, a forced misappropriation onto the face of a new religion of what rightfully belongs to a much older one. The term “Judeo-Christian” is therefore not only an oxymoron, it is outright sacrilegious, a dishonor to the millions of Jews who were tortured or killed for their refusal to convert to Christianity, and, by association, wrongfully links the Jewish people and its ancient scriptures as accomplices to centuries of Christian slaughter and oppression of other indigenous peoples as well via Christianity’s sorely misguided and misapplied interpretation of the “Old Testament.””

Gershon Winkler, The Judeo-Christian Fiction (2008) Lulu Press. (via here-lies-andalusia)

Exactly.

“Judeo-Christian”–another phrase to add the “never, ever say in discourse with Jews” list.

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darkhei-noam

Who Should You Fight? Jewish Commentators (Mefarshim) Edition

Onkelos: Pointless and risky… Rumour has it he was a Roman noble before becoming a rabbi, so possibly had military experience. Besides, nobody really understands him anyway. Harmless, and if you win nobody will care.

R. Shim‘on ben Laqish (Resh Lakish): Are you kidding?? Was literally a gladiator, 100% angry Roman gay, could slice you up faster than you can say “Rabbi Yohanan.” DO NOT FIGHT.

Rashi: I mean, you could fight Rashi, but why??? You’ll just make a lot of people angry with you. I promise he’s just trying to help you out, even when he gets on your nerves. You can probably win this fight but you will miss him when he’s gone. Instead, try getting on his good side by asking his opinion about a word you don’t understand.

RaMBaM (Maimonides): please please please fight Maimonides. Do us all a favour and take him down. You will have to defeat him in the fields of exegesis, philosophy, medicine, astronomy, legal theory, and Aristotelian logic. Look at him — he is taunting you to come get him. If you manage to hit his smug face he might just be so surprised that you could get away with your life, if you’re a fast runner. We’re all cheering for you.

RaMBaN (Nahmanides): he’s asking for it. Don’t be fooled by his long beard: he’s a wiry old man and hits surprisingly hard. If you want to defeat him, the key is to distract him with Rashi — just say, “This was already explained by the Frenchman” and he’ll fall right for it. Very sneaky fighter — you’ll think you’re winning until he gets a hit in from behind. Keep him occupied and keep landing punches. I would say you’ve got at least a 50/50 chance.

RaShBaM (Shmuel ben Meir): he is angry, French, grew up on a farm, and is probably drunk. Throws strong straight punches. If you start a fight with him all the other Tosafot will gang up on you. I wouldn’t risk it.

Abraham ibn ‘Ezra: an easy target. He is sad and lonely, and weak from years staring at astrolabes and writing emo poetry. He will not put up a long fight. He will try to bore you to death with grammatical observations, but with a little perseverance you can easily put him out of his misery.

Hayyim ibn Attar (Or haHayyim): approach with caution: he is an advanced Qabbalist and may not be where you expect him. It may be dangerous but it’s worth a try, and if you do win everyone will be impressed. If he starts calling down the seraphim you’ve lost for sure. I would say your best bet is just go for it with everything you got.

Sa‘adia Gaon: he will fight you without warning. He will fight the Karaites. He will fight the Exliarch. He will fight the philosophers. He will fight everyone… A dirty street fighter and very strategic. You will not win unless you are the Caliph of the Abbasid Empire.

Nechama Leibowitz: for the love of all things holy, don’t fight her! How could you even think of landing a punch on this sweet cinnamon bun of an old woman? You should be ashamed of yourself.

Yeshayahu Leibowitz: her brother, on the other hand, is ready for a fight. You might win if you’re well-prepared, but by the next day he’ll write an angry but incredibly eloquent op-ed tearing you into a thousand pieces, so there’s really no winning here.

Avivah Zornberg: I mean, before you even got close to her she’d have you wrapped up in metaphysical extemporizations about the inability of the unconscious to truly speak across the apophatic chasm that divides a person from another. Everyone is on her side, from Shakespeare to Freud and half a dozen Hassidic commentators you’ve never heard of. And she’s Scottish to boot… Don’t try it.

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Just like, in general, I would really appreciate if Christian allies to Jews would understand that if you’re going to be self-deprecating using religious texts, you really need to use the New Testament, or at least leave the Tanakh out of it. Because you’re not just commenting on yourselves by doing that. You are *at best* ALSO commenting on Jews, but in all actuality, you are commenting more on Jews than yourselves. Yes, a handful of the descendents of the ancient Israelites would eventually become the early church, but literally up until that point they were Hebrews a.k.a. Jews. It’s no longer self-deprecating humor once you involve another group, and so it’s going to inherently hit different. This is especially true when your group has violently oppressed that other group for upwards of 2000 years.

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I had a conversation with a friend the other day during which, after it came up that I only eat at kosher restaurants, she said that she hopes I don’t think less of her for being “a bad Jew”. And I just hate that whole idea so much. 

So, if anyone out there needs to hear this today: you are not a bad Jew. 

You don’t keep kosher or Shabbat? You’re not a bad Jew.

You can’t read Hebrew and don’t know what to do during the Amidah? You’re not a bad Jew.

You only celebrate Hanukkah and haven’t been inside a synagogue in years? You’re not a bad Jew.

You don’t know any brachot and can’t even remember the last time you prayed? You’re not a bad Jew.

You can still learn and take on mitzvot, if that’s something you want in your life. And if you don’t want any of that? That’s okay, too. You’re still not a bad Jew.

We’re a self-deprecating people. I know. I’m right there with you. But this one kills me. Wipe those words out of your mouth and stop tearing yourself down for all the things you never learned or don’t do. No matter what the reason is. It doesn’t matter.

You are not a bad Jew.

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